When the hazard cannot be removed or controlled adequately: PPE and its role.
Controlling a hazard at its source should be the first choice because this method will eliminate it from the workplace altogether or isolate it from the worker. However, this approach may require isolation of hazards, addition of safety features to existing equipment, redesign of the work processes, or purchase of new equipment. When the hazard cannot be removed or controlled adequately, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be used if the work process is to continue and PPE should be considered as the last level of protection when all other methods are not available or possible.
What is personal protective equipment (PPE)?
PPE is equipment worn by a worker to minimize exposure to specific occupational hazards. Examples of PPE include respirators, gloves, aprons, fall protection, and full body suits, as well as head, eye and foot protection. Using PPE is only one element in a complete safety program that would use a variety of strategies to maintain a safe and healthy work environment. PPE does not reduce the hazard itself nor does it guarantee permanent or total protection.
What do I mean by PPE?
PPE stands for personal protective equipment. PPE means any device or appliance designed to be worn or held by an individual for protection against one or more health and safety hazards.
What is the role of personal protective equipment (PPE)?
Hazards exist in every workplace so strategies to protect workers are essential. The priority should be the elimination and control of hazards at their source or along the path between the source and the worker and those most appropriate to the specific situation should be used.
How do I begin planning a protection strategy?
Before any decision is made to begin or to expand a PPE program, it is important to understand the underlying principles of protection strategies.
There are three elements that must be considered:
protection of workers
compliance with applicable laws / regulations and internal company standards
technical feasibility
In practice, only a few strategies are available. These include:
engineering controls
material substitution
process change
revised work practices
equipment change
administrative controls
use of personal protective equipment
A good strategy is a comprehensive strategy and it considers the hazards, evaluates all possible control methods, integrates various approaches, and reexamines them frequently to ensure a safe work operation. It does these things by requiring that conscious decision-making, evaluation, and reevaluation be done at various stages throughout the program.
When is the best time to provide protection from hazards?
When hazards are identified, it is useful to consider general principles of control, which can be thought of as two basic categories: "pre-contact" or "point-of-contact."
Pre-contact
Pre-contact control is the first and most important method because it prevents the hazard from reaching the worker. Pre-contact control methods include substituting materials or processes that are less hazardous, isolating hazardous processes, retrofitting existing equipment, or acquiring safer equipment. Pre-contact control can also be achieved by providing protection to the worker with local exhaust ventilation, machine guarding, better housekeeping, and safe work practices. A thorough effort to identify hazards is essential so that hazards may be reduced or eliminated at the source.
Where pre-contact controls are not practical, feasible, or totally effective then point-of-contact controls must be used.
Point-of-contact
The point-of-contact control is important but secondary because it cannot eliminate the hazard. It only manages the hazard at the point of contact with the worker. This form of control is primarily accomplished through personal protective equipment. It is to be used when pre-contact controls are not totally effective.
When should PPE be used?
PPE is used to reduce or minimize the exposure or contact to injurious physical, chemical, ergonomic, or biological agents. A hazard cannot be eliminated by PPE, but the risk of injury can be reduced. For example, wearing hearing protection reduces the likelihood of hearing damage when the ear plugs or muffs are appropriate for the kind of noise exposure and they are used properly. However, hearing protection does not eliminate the noise.
PPE should only be used:
as an interim (short term) measure before controls are implemented;
where pre-contact control technology is not available;
where pre-contact controls are inadequate;
during activities such as maintenance, clean up, and repair where pre-contact controls are not feasible or effective;
during emergency situations.
Why should I do a workplace survey first?
The first step in the development of a PPE program is to identify the particular hazards at the worksite. Some of these may be obvious, but an onsite inspection should still be performed. Work practices, job procedures, equipment, workplace layout, and individual factors may play a deciding role in the type of controls recommended for a certain job. Recognizing potential hazards should include reviewing the manufacturing or other processes, maintaining an inventory of physical and chemical agents encountered routinely or periodically, examining all the different job activities of a work area, and studying the existing control measures. Every effort should be made to control all hazards, where possible, at the source.
Particular attention should be paid to job requirements that may have important consequences for the PPE selected because some types of hazards require multiple PPE solutions. For example, working with chlorine requires respiratory and eye protection because chlorine irritates both the respiratory system and the mucous membranes of the eyes. It is important to continually review Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) as part of the inspection, as they indicate the types of hazards associated with specific materials.
A workplace evaluation should involve the joint health and safety committee as an integral part of the survey.
What steps are involved in the selection of PPE?
Once the need for PPE has been established, the next task is to select the proper type. Two criteria need to be determined:
the degree of protection required, and
the appropriateness of the equipment to the situation (including the practicality of the equipment being used and kept in good repair).
The degree of protection and the design of PPE must be integrated because both affect its overall efficiency, wearability, and acceptance.
The following are guidelines for selection:
a) Match PPE to the hazard
There are no shortcuts to PPE selection. Choose the right PPE to match the hazard. On some jobs, the same task is performed throughout the entire job cycle, so it is easy to select proper PPE. In other instances, workers may be exposed to two or more different hazards. A welder may require protection against welding gases, harmful light rays, molten metal and flying chips. In such instances, multiple protection is needed: a welding helmet, welders goggles and the appropriate respirator, or an air-supplied welding hood.
b) Obtain advice
Make decisions based on thorough hazard evaluation, worker acceptance, and types of PPE available. Once you have determined your PPE needs, shop around. Discuss your needs with trained sales representatives then ask for their recommendations. Always ask for alternatives and check into product claims and test data. Try out PPE and test it to see that products meet all of your criteria before it is approved.
c) Involve workers in evaluations
It is extremely important to have the individual worker involved in the selection of specific models. This assistance in selection can be achieved by introducing approved models into the workplace for trials in which workers have the opportunity to evaluate various models. In this way, much information regarding fit, comfort, and worker acceptability will be gained. When choosing PPE, workers should select among two or three models, allowing for personal preferences. PPE should be individually assigned.
d) Consider physical comfort of PPE (ergonomics)
If a PPE device is unnecessarily heavy or poorly fitted it is unlikely that it will be worn. Note also that if a PPE device is unattractive or uncomfortable, or there is no allowance for workers to choose among models, compliance is likely to be poor. When several forms of PPE are worn together, interactions must be kept in mind. Use every opportunity to provide flexibility in the choice of PPE as long as it meets required legislation and standards.
e) Evaluate cost considerations
The cost of PPE is often a concern. Some programs use disposable respirators because they appear to be inexpensive. However when the use is evaluated over time, it is possible that a dual cartridge respirator would be more economical. Engineering controls might prove an even more cost effective solution in the long term and should be considered before PPE.
f) Review standards
Performance requirements of all standards must be reviewed to ensure that exposure to injury will be minimized or eliminated by using PPE. If PPE is exposed to hazards greater than those for which it is designed, it will not deliver adequate protection.
g) Check the fit
When the selection has been made, the "fitting" component should be put in place. The key is to fit each worker with PPE on an individual basis. At the time of fitting, show each worker how to wear and maintain PPE properly.
Individual fitting programs should be carried out by qualified personnel. For example, for eye protection this qualified person could be an optometrist, an optician, a manufacturers' representative or a specially trained staff member, such as a nurse.
When safety glasses sit halfway down the nose, protection from the hazard of flying particles is reduced, sometimes to the point where no protection is given. The calculated degree of protection will not be achieved in practice unless the PPE is worn properly at all times when the worker is at risk.
h) Perform regular maintenance and inspections
Without proper maintenance, the effectiveness of PPE cannot be assured. Maintenance should include inspection, care, cleaning, repair, and proper storage.
Probably the most important part of maintenance is the need for continuing inspection of the PPE. If carefully performed, inspections will identify damaged or malfunctioning PPE before it is used. PPE that is not performing up to manufacturers specifications, such as safety glasses with scratched lenses that have lost their ability to withstand impact should be discarded.
Procedures should be set up to enable workers to obtain replacement parts for damaged PPE, and to keep it clean. Respiratory protection devices require an elaborate program of repair, cleaning, storage and periodic testing.
Wearing poorly maintained or malfunctioning PPE could be more dangerous than not wearing any form of protection at all. The workers gain a false sense of security and think they are protected when, in reality, they are not.
i) Conduct training
No program can be complete without training to ensure the optimum use of PPE. Training should cover how to fit and wear PPE, how to adjust it for maximum protection, and how to care for it.
Training can be done on an individual basis or in group meetings. Training programs should emphasize the major goals of the program and reinforce the fact that engineering controls have been considered as the primary prevention strategy. It is not good enough to tell someone to wear a respirator just because management and/or legislation requires it. If the respirator is intended to prevent lung disorders, the workers should be informed of the hazards.
Workers and their supervisors will require training in when, where, why, and how to use the equipment to achieve the necessary level of protection. The workers to be trained include those who are exposed on a regular basis and others who might be exposed on an occasional basis, for example, in emergencies or when temporary work is performed in dangerous areas. The training needs and methods for all these workers are essentially the same.
j) Obtain support from all departments
Once the program is under way there will be a continuing need for involvement from management, safety and medical personnel, supervisory personnel, the health and safety committee, individual workers, and even the suppliers of the chosen PPE.
Education programs should continue on a regular basis. The most common reason for failure of a PPE program is the inability to overcome objections to wearing it. Each problem should be addressed on an individual basis.
k) Audit the program
As with any program or procedure implemented in an organization, the effectiveness of the PPE program should be monitored by inspection of the equipment and auditing of procedures.
Annual audits are common but it may be advisable to review critical areas more frequently.
It would be useful to compare the safety performance to those before the program began. This comparison would help determine the success or failure of a program. Without this detailed monitoring, recommendations concerning changes to a program or retention of the program could be unsupported.
The overall goal of a safer workplace is supported by a careful promotional strategy. This strategy focuses on:
commitment by management and workers to the program and a sense of responsibility for it
the reasons for the program, and
how the program will work.
The success depends upon winning the cooperation and support of all those concerned. This can best be achieved by helping workers understand the need to wear the PPE, and by encouraging them to want to wear it rather than demanding that they do so. Success is more likely to be accomplished if it is shown that controls at the source and along the path have been addressed comprehensively and effectively. It may help to have an education program within the work environment, using seminars, films, and best of all, one-on-one discussions. The use of posters and envelope stuffers can assist in the promotion of the program, but should not be used as the only means of promotion.
PPE programs are often plagued by the belief that once a piece of equipment is put on, the worker is totally protected. This is a false sense of security. Basic safety principles, such as housekeeping and environmental controls, must not be ignored.
PPE is designed to meet criteria which is only an approximation of real working conditions. PPE should not be used when hazards are greater than those for which it is designed. When it comes to the evaluation of potential hazards, uncertainties need to be taken into account. Unfortunately, PPE design criteria cannot cover all eventualities.
Using several types of protection at the same time such as hard-hats, ear muffs and goggles, must not increase the danger or decrease the worker's ability to do the assigned job. Wearing PPE should not in itself create a greater danger. Gloves prevent skin damage while working with moving equipment, but can create an entanglement hazard with a drill press or metal lathe.
Most regulatory agencies require that PPE not be used unless the employer has taken all the necessary measures in terms of engineering controls, work practices, administrative controls, and hygiene to control the hazard.
Since the goal of an occupational health and safety program is to prevent occupational injury and illness, PPE cannot be the first protection option. The use of PPE does not prevent an accident from happening. It does not eliminate the hazard. It does not influence any pre-contact activities. It only minimizes the exposure or reduces the severity of injury or illness. PPE is a good point-of-contact injury control strategy. However, even at its best, PPE cannot achieve its full-protection potential without worker knowledge and cooperation. In practice, PPE is only to be used as the last line of defense.
